日光节能温室油桃早果丰产栽培试验

就日光节能温室油桃早果丰产栽培技术从大苗定植、扣时间的确定、全园覆膜、多效唑控冠、蜜蜂与人工辅助授粉等几个方面进行了试验和探讨     

KH2PO4对设施油桃果实糖积累及代谢相关酶活性的影响

以设施栽培的艳光油桃为试材,研究了设施栽培条件下,喷施KH2PO4处理对油桃果实中糖积累和蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的影响。结果表明,幼果期喷施KH2PO4处理,果实葡萄糖和果糖含量明显增加,蔗糖含量没有明显变化,成熟期三种糖含量与对照均无明显差异;果实着色前KH2PO4处理显著增加了果实中蔗糖含量,但对葡萄糖和果糖含量无明显影响。幼果期和着色前喷施KH2PO4均显著提高了果实中蔗糖代谢酶活性。说明KH2PO4处理是通过全面提高果实中蔗糖代谢酶活性,起到提高库强作用,从而增加果实含糖量。     

行向对不同穗型水稻群体微气象特性影响的研究-Ⅰ行向对群体内太阳直接辐射影响的理论分析

通过几何模拟，从理论上分析了北半球夏半年不同行向水稻遮荫宽度在不同纬度、不同季节的日变化，结果表明：中、低纬度地区东西行向遮荫宽度较小，有利于群体充分利用光能，而高纬度地区则以南北行向有较大优势，此外，还讨论了行向、行距与光能利用的关系。     

温室采光设计的理论分析方法——设施农业光环境模拟分析研究之一

本文提供一种温室采光设计的理论计算方法,可针对不同纬度、不同建设方位、不同透明覆盖材料、采光屋面具有不同骨架结构和几何形状的各类单栋温室,建立相应的模拟模型,模拟分析太阳直接辐射透进温室内的时空分布状况,为温室采光优化设计提供模拟分析手段和科学依据。     

墙体材料及其组合对日光温室墙体保温性能的影响

利用热反应系数法和日光温室热环境的数学模型模拟分析了日光温室墙体得热量、墙体温度以及室内气温,比较了墙体材料的不同组合对保温性能的影响。结果表明,对不同厚度砖墙聚苯板隔热材料的厚度以0.10m为宜;相同厚度隔热材料在砖墙厚度较薄时保温效果优于较厚的砖墙;砖墙厚度较薄时材料的排列秩序对保温影响较明显。     

不同时期施用生物炭对稻田N_2O和CH_4排放的影响

通过分别在水稻季(R)和小麦季(W)设置对照(RB0-N0、WB0-N0)、单施氮肥(RB0-N1、WB0-N1)、20 t hm-2生物炭与氮配施(RB1-N1、WB1-N1)、40 t hm-2生物炭与氮配施(RB2-N1、WB2-N1)等8个处理,研究稻麦轮作周年系统N2O和CH4排放规律及其引起的综合温室效应(Global warming potential,GWP)和温室气体强度(Greenhouse gas intensity,GHGI)特征。结果表明:稻季配施20 t hm-2生物炭对N2O和CH4的排放、作物产量及GWP和GHGI均都无明显影响;稻季配施40 t hm-2生物炭能显著降低8.6%的CH4的排放和9.3%的GWP,显著增加作物产量17.2%。麦季配施20 t hm-2生物炭虽然对温室气体及GWP影响不明显,但显著增加21.6%的作物产量,从而显著降低21.7%的GHGI;麦季配施40 t hm-2生物炭能显著降低20.9%和11.3%的N2O和CH4排放,显著降低15.7%和23.5%的GWP和GHGI。因此麦季配施生物炭对减少N2O和CH4的排放、增加稻麦轮作产量及降低GWP和GHGI的效果较稻季配施生物炭效果更好。     

太阳能加热防治根结线虫时覆膜、土壤类型与有机物对土壤温度的影响

试验研究了覆膜方式(双层膜、单层膜和不覆膜)、土壤类型(中壤土、砂壤土)与有机物(添加牛粪和不添加牛粪)对太阳能加热时土壤温度的影响。覆盖透明膜可显著提高土壤日平均温度和日最高温度,10 cm2、0 cm和30 cm深度土壤日平均温度分别达40℃、38℃和36℃以上,日最高温度分别达43.3℃、39.0℃和36.5℃以上。覆盖透明膜可明显延长土壤高温(≥35℃)持续时间并提高土壤日温差,土壤温度超过35℃的累计时间达22.5h以上,10 cm、20 cm和30 cm深度土壤日温差分别在7.1℃、2.6℃和0.8℃以上。覆盖双层膜土壤日平均温度、日最高温度、高温持续时间及日温差比单层膜高,且在10 cm深度尤为突出。除20 cm深度外,土壤类型对日平均温度和日最高温度没有影响。添加牛粪能使0~20 cm土层土壤日平均温度提高2℃以上,显著高于不添加对照。故覆盖透明膜和添加牛粪可显著提升30 cm深度内的土壤温度,利用太阳能加热可望降低土壤中根结线虫种群数量。     

Evaluation of alternative substrates for determining methane-oxidizing activities and methanotrophic populations in soils

The magnitude of methane emission is a net result of methane production and the oxidation rate. The possibility of measuring oxidized products of alternative substrates of methane monooxygenase was examined to determine methane-oxidizing ability of soils, and to count methanotrophic populations in soils. Wetland rice soils were incubated under methane containing air to enirch the methanotrophs. Methane loss and oxygen uptake were inhibited by acetylene, dimethylether, and nitrapyrin (N-Serve). Acetylene was used routinely, because it inhibited methane oxidation even at a low concentration of 0.03 to 0.06 l ml^-1 in the incubation headspace. Propylene at 10 kPa was used as an alternative substrate of methane monooxygenase, and the formation of propylene oxide was measured. When soils were incubated under methane, their methane-oxidizing activity increased. Propylene oxide formation increased simultaneously. Acetylene also blocked propylene oxidation. The results of several experiments and propylene oxide formation (r=0.87 after long-transformation). These results indicate that propylene oxide formation can be used as a semiquantitative measure of the methane-oxidizing activity of soils. The colonies of soluble methane monooxygenase-forming methanotrophs were counted on Cu-deficient methanotroph agar medium by the formation of naphthol from haphthalene. The counts increased from 10⁴ (0 days) to 10⁷ (21 days) g^-1 soil during oxic incubation under methane.     

生物能温室对水稻生长发育影响的研究

生物能温室比烧火温室育水稻秧苗无论在温度、湿度、光照、气体均利于秧苗生长发育,室内CO₂浓度可高出大气4倍多。并可防治早春低温阴雨对水稻分蘖期和低温对齐穗期的影响。     

Use of poultry manure and plant cultivation for the reclamation of burnt soils

Annual (Pisum sativum L. and Vicia sativa L.) and perennial (Trifolium repens L. and Lotus corniculatus L.) leguminous species were grown in pots containing samples from the ash layers of two Cambisols under Pinus sylvestris L., which has been affected by high-intensity wildfires 3 and 15 days before the sampling. The gramineous Lolium perenne L. was cultivated as a second plant after Trifolium and Lotus harvesting. Three treatments were compared: soils without fertilization and soils fertilized with two doses of poultry manure (1 and 2 g total N kg^-1 dry soil). The aim of the work was to study the capacity of the ash layer to sustain vegetation and the influence of plants and organic manure on the recovery of vegetation cover, ash layer fixation and soil structure formation to avoid erosion. The ash samples were able to sustain vegetation without fertilization. The organic manure increased the yields of all the plants tested, the lower dose being the optimal for the first crop whereas the higher dose was beneficial for the second crop. The annual legumes grew very quickly. The mixture of Trifolium and Lotus seemed very suitable for reclamation of soil degraded by wildfires because Trifolium produced more phytomass than Lotus in the first growing stages whereas the development of Lotus was higher in the later growing stages. Ash layer conditions did not inhibit nodulation, which was, however, stimulated by the organic manure, particularly in the case of Lotus. Lolium after perennial legumes was the best plant combination because it produced the highest phytomass, particularly root phytomass, and thus improved vegetation cover and ash layer fixation. All the plants tested improved the formation of soil aggregates, particularly the combination of perennial legumes and Lolium. However, wet aggregate stability was higher when plants were grown on soils fertilized with poultry manure than when plants were cropped on unmanured soils, which points to the favourable influence of the organic manure on soil aggregation.